Consumer surplus 消费者剩余
The difference between how much buyers are prepared to pay for a good and what they actually pay.
消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际 支付的数量之差。
Demand curve 需求曲线
The line on a price-quantity diagram which shows the level of effective demand at any given price.
需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量
Demand or effective demand 有效需求
The quantity purchased of a good at a good at any given price given that other determinants of demand remain unchanged.
是指有支付能力的需求
Individual demand curve 个人需求曲线
The demand curve for an individual consumer firm or other economic unit.
单个消费者愿意购买某种产品的数量与其价格之间的关系
Market demand curve 市场需求曲线
The sum of all individual demand curves.
市场上全体消费者愿意购买某种产品的数量与其价格之间的关系。市场需求曲线可由行业内各个消费者的个人需求曲线横向相加求得。
Shift in the demand curve 需求变动
A movement of the whole demand curve to the right to the right or left of the original caused by a change in any variable affecting demand except price.
由价格以外的因素引起的需求量的变动，如：消费者的收入，替代物品价格的变动，消费者偏好，习俗，广告，预期心理等。
Individual supply curve 个人供给曲线
The supply curve of an individual producer.
单个生产者供给某种产品的数量与其价格之间的关系。
Market supply curve 市场供给曲线
The supply curve of all producers within the market. In a perfectly competitive market it can be calculated by summing the supply curves of individual producers.
市场上全体生产者愿意生产某种产品的数量与其价格之间的关系。
Producer surplus 生产者剩余
The difference between the market price which firms receive and the price at which they are prepared to supply.
生产者剩余等于厂商生产一种产品的总利润加上补偿给要素所有者超出和低于他们所要求的最小收益的数量。从几何的角度看，它等于价格曲线之下、供给曲线之上的区域。
Supply 供给
The quantity of goods that suppliers are willing to sell at any given price over a period of time.
在一定时期内生产者在任何价格水平上愿意出售的货物的数量。
Equilibrium price 均衡价格
The price at which there is no tendency to change because planned (or desired or ex ante) purchases (i.e. demand) are equal to planned sales (i.e. supply).
商品的供给曲线与需求曲线相交时的价格。
Excess demand 过度需求
Where demand is greater than supply.
某种物品或者服务的市场需求超过了企业所能提供或者愿意提供的水平的一种需求状况。
Excess supply 过度供给
Where supply is greater than demand.
供给超过了需求量。
Competitive demand 竞争需求
When two or more goods are substitutes for each other.
当两个或更多的产品互为替代品。
Complement 互补产品
A good which is purchased with other goods to satisfy a want.
互补品指两种商品必须互相配合，才能共同满足消费者的同一种需要
Composite demand 复合需求
When a good is demanded for two or more distinct uses.
一个产品处于两种不同的用途而被需求。
Derived demand 衍生需求
When the demand for one good is the result of or derived from the demand for another good.
一种物品的需求是由另一种物品的需求而衍生的。
Joint demand 联合需求
When two or more complements are bought together.
两种或更多的互补品同时购买。
Joint supply 联合供给
When two or more goods are produced together so that a change in supply of one good will necessarily change the supply of the other goods with which it is in joint supply.
当一个产品被生产时，另一个产品也同时被生产。
Substitute 替代品
Good which can be replaced by another to satisfy a want.
替代品是指两种产品存在相互竞争的销售关系，即一种产品销售的增加会减少另一种产品的潜在销售量，反之亦然
Elastic demand 弹性需求
Where the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. The responsiveness of demand is proportionally greater than the change in price.Demand is infinitely elastic if price elasticity of demand is infinity.
弹性需求是指当产品或服务的价格有所变动时，市场对该产品或服务的需求也发生明显变动的状况。
Inelastic demand 非弹性需求
Where the price elasticity of demand is less than 1. The responsiveness of demand is proportionally less than the change in price. Demand is infinitely inelastic if price elasticity of demand is zero.
需求价格弹性绝对值小于1 的情况。在这种情况下，当价格下降时，总收益下降；当价格上升时总收益上升。无价格弹性的需求的一个极端是完全无价格弹性的需求，这意味着当价格上升或下降时，需求量完全没有变化。
Price elasticity of demand or own elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性
The proportionate response of changes in quantity demanded to a proportionate change in price.
表示需求量对价格变动反应程度的指标。弹性系数等于需求量变动百分比除以价格变动的百分比。
Unitary elasticity 单位弹性
Where the value of price elasticity of demand is 1. The responsive of demand is proportionally equal to the change in price
介于有价格弹性的需求和非价格弹性的需求之间的一种情况。价格弹性的绝对值恰好等于l。
Cross or cross-price elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded of one good to a change in price of another good. It is measured by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded of one good by the percentage change in price of the other good.
需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y 的价格发生1％的变化时所引起的商品X 的需求量变化的百分比。
Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in income. It is measured by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in income.
需求的收入弹性是指，当价格保持不变时消费者收入发生1％的变化时，所引起的需求数量变化的百分比。在此提醒各位洋高考同学这些词汇的重要性在于在以后的学习和这些词有关联性，也就是说考试的时候会把相关连的词汇放在一起考，所以理解并记住这些词汇就非常重要。